Posts Tagged ‘Eschatology’

A Mighty Fortress

Saturday, October 31st, 2009

Whoever lives under the shelter of the Most High
will remain in the shadow of the Almighty.
I will say to the LORD, "You are my refuge and my fortress,
my God in whom I trust." (Psalms 91:1-2)

Some call Psalm 91 the “Soldier’s Psalm,” and appropriately so. The psalm’s military origins are clear.

Psalm 91 declares that God is a place of safety and a fortress (metzuda). Modern English speakers know the word as Masada, the name of the famous Jewish redoubt in the war with Rome. Here in Germany, I've had the opportunity to visit many outdated military fortifications, from 20th century bunkers to medieval castles to the remains of the Roman defensive line known as the Limes. Pictured on the left are the ruins of Burg Hornberg on the Neckar, upstream from Heidelberg. It's a very pleasant place to spend a few hours, have a meal and drink a glass of wine from the vineyards below the fortress. The fortress, however, can no longer protect anyone from anything. All human fortresses eventually fall into ruins. Long before that, they lose their ability to protect those who run to them for safety. No human fortress stands forever. God alone is the feste Burg - the strong fortress - that will never fail.

The Psalmist says that God’s faithfulness is a shield and an encircling protection (personal armor or defensive wall) (Psalm 91:4). The two biggest threats to ancient soldiers on campaign were disease in the camp – which historically took more lives than combat - and the weapons of the enemy. The Psalmist declares that the person of God does not need to fear either one.

You will not be afraid of the terror by night,
Or of the arrow that flies by day;
Of the pestilence that stalks in darkness,
Or of the destruction that lays waste at noon. (Psalms 91:5-6)

Hebrew parallelism reveals just what the author envisioned as the terror that comes at night: sickness. Both plague and combat can be extremely deadly.

No matter what your eyes may see or your ears may hear or your panicked brain may tell you, God’s word can be trusted.

A thousand may fall at your side
And ten thousand at your right hand,
But it shall not approach you. (Psalms 91:7)

When the battle is fierce, or when disease is raging, the one who trusts in God need not fear. Multitudes may fall, but God’s person is safe.

It’s no wonder, then, that the Psalm is a favorite of soldiers and others who live in close proximity to danger. I carried the words of Psalm 91 with me throughout out my time in combat in Iraq to remind me of God’s promise.

Over the past several years, there has been an explosion of Psalm 91 books, pamphlets, jewelry and knick-knacks aimed at soldiers and their families. I’m afraid that much of it is severely misleading, not in what it says, but it what it doesn’t say. Here is the theoretical foundation of what follows:

The words of Scripture, when they are removed from the Biblical story of creation, fall, redemption and consummation that centers on Jesus Christ, no longer necessarily function as the word of God. They can, in fact, function as the words of Satan.

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End of the World

Wednesday, April 29th, 2009

Christians sometimes describe Christ?s appearing as the "end of the world." I don?t think this is very helpful. When we use those words, most people think we mean the cessation of the world. Christ's appearing may be the end of an age, but not the end of the world. For those who belong to Christ, Christ's appearing will bring about the transformation of the world.

Only in the sense that fulfills God's intention for creation is Christ's appearing the "end of the world." It accomplishes the end-state envisioned by God in our creation. In that sense, it is "end" as "telos."

Not Just Superman in Sandals

Thursday, January 29th, 2009

They went to Capernaum; and when the sabbath came, he entered the synagogue and taught. (22) They were astounded at his teaching, for he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes. (23) Just then there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit, (24) and he cried out, "What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are, the Holy One of God." (25) But Jesus rebuked him, saying, "Be silent, and come out of him!" (26) And the unclean spirit, convulsing him and crying with a loud voice, came out of him. (27) They were all amazed, and they kept on asking one another, "What is this? A new teaching--with authority! He commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him." (28) At once his fame began to spread throughout the surrounding region of Galilee. Mark 1:21-28

Epiphany - 4B

Jesus' ministry in the Gospel of Mark starts with a bang. Jesus comes to Capernaum - a nice little town on the banks of the Sea of Galilee - a respectable little town - and goes to the synagogue where he encounters a man possessed by a demonic power.

The man begins to shout at Jesus. Boy, I'm glad we don't have any crazy people shouting at me while I'm trying to preach. Being confronted by really off-the-wall crazy people in the street is uncomfortable enough. Imagine having one sitting next to you in chapel. (If this happened everywhere that Jesus went, that was sure to make him popular!)

Only this man isn't just crazy-sick. He's in the grip of demonic power.

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On Demons

Thursday, January 29th, 2009

Just then there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit, and he cried out, "What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are, the Holy One of God."  But Jesus rebuked him, saying, "Be silent, and come out of him!" And the unclean spirit, convulsing him and crying with a loud voice, came out of him. Mark 1:23-26

The devil doesn't get much respect in western culture. It's pretty common among some modern interpreters, in fact, to demythologize (or re-mythologize) the demons that appear in the New Testament so that they represent something modern people can better understand. Brian Stoffregen, for example, quotes Ched Myers:

Upon whose behalf is the demon pleading? It can only be the group already identified in the conflict theme -- the scribal aristocracy whose space (social role and power) Jesus is threatening. . . . . In sum, Jesus' symbolic acts were powerful not because they challenged the laws of nature, but because they challenged the very structures of social existence. To use Douglas's term, his healing and exorcism functioned to "elaborate" the dominant symbolic order, unmasking the way in which it functioned to legitimate concrete social relationships. Insofar as this order dehumanized life, Jesus challenged it and defied its strictures: that is why his "miracles" were not universally embraced. Depending upon one's status in the dominant order, one either perceived them as socially deviant (worse, heretical) or liberative.

If you can get past the baffling academic jargon, Myers' point is pretty simple. The demons in Mark 1:21-28 don't represent demons. They represent oppressive social structures and institutions. I don't think so.

Fortunately, Stoffregen also quotes Pheme Perkins who makes a much simpler point that I think better represents Mark's intent.

They [although it is "I" in the text] acknowledge Jesus' status as "Holy One of God" and the fact that his coming marks the end of their own domination over human beings (v. 24). The end of demonic power is a sign that the present evil age is coming to an end (cf. 1 Enoch 55:4).

Jesus' victory over demonic powers eschatological; it is a prolepsis of the age to come in which every spiritual power will submit to God's authority or be destroyed.

What are we citizens of the 21st century to make of the idea of spirits, demons and invisible powers?

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Let it Be

Wednesday, December 3rd, 2008

Advent - The Annunciation to Mary - Luke 1:26-38

And Mary said, "Behold, I am the servant of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word." And the angel departed from her. Luke 1:38 ESV

The Last Word from the Beatles

When I find myself in times of trouble,
Mother Mary comes to me
Speaking words of wisdom, let it be.
And in my hour of darkness,
She is standing right in front of me
Speaking words of wisdom, let it be.

So sang the Beatles in their last trip to the recording studio together in January 1970. Before the end of 1970, Paul McCartney would go to court to dissolve the band. "Let it Be" was Paul's song of acceptance: we've had a good run. Now it's over. Let it be.

The Beatles took the "let it be" of "mother Mary" from Luke 1:38. [Update: see comments 2 & 3 below]. When the angel appeared to her to tell her of Jesus' birth, his mother Mary said to the angel, "Let it be to me according to your word." Unfortunately, the Beatles' song does not at all capture the emotion or the meaning of Mary's words in Luke.

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Tear Open the Heavens

Thursday, November 27th, 2008

Lectionary - Advent 1B - Isaiah 64:1-9; Mark 13:24-37

Longing

"Oh that you would tear open the heavens and come down." Did you catch the urgency, the poignancy of the prophet's cry? The prophet's plea comes from the midst of the ruins. If you want to see what I mean, read on to the end of Isaiah 64. The Chaldeans had conquered the land, looted the nation's treasure, taken the leading citizens of Judea captive, broken down the city walls and destroyed the holy temple. On the human level, who can most resonate with the prophet's cry? The people of Atlanta or Columbia in 1865? The citizens of Seoul in 1950-1951?

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